REFRIGERATOR
JAMES HARRISON
Prior to the development of artificial refrigeration techniques during the 1800s, people utilized a variety of means to chill and preserve foodstuffs. For centuries, ice served as the principal refrigerant. Ironically, the ancient Indians and Egyptians pioneered an ice-making technique that served as the conceptual basis for the first "modern" refrigerators developed during the nineteenth century: evaporation. The relatively quick evaporation of a liquid creates an expanding volume of gas. As water vapor rises, its kinetic energy increases dramatically, in part because the warm vapor is drawing in energy from its surroundings, which are cooled by this process. The Indians and Egyptians took advantage of this phenomenon by placing wide, shallow bowls filled with water outside during the cool nights. As some water quickly evaporated, the remaining water cooled, forming ice. With this method, it was possible to create sizeable chunks of ice that could then be used to cool food.
X-RAY
WILHELM RONTGEN
A chest x ray is a procedure used to evaluate organs and structures within the chest for symptoms of disease. Chest x rays include views of the lungs, heart, small portions of the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid gland and the bones of the chest area. X rays are a form of radiation
that can penetrate the body and produce an image on an x-ray film. Another name for x ray is radiograph
first petrol powered vehicle
Several Italians recorded designs for wind driven vehicles. The first was Guido da Vigevano in 1335. It was a windmill type drive to gears and thus to wheels. Vaturio designed a similar vehicle which was also never built. Later Leonardo da Vinci designed a clockwork driven tricycle with tiller steering and a differential mechanism between the rear wheels.
The very first self-powered road vehicles were powered by steam engines and by that definition Nicolas Joseph Cugnot of France built the first automobile in 1769 - recognized by the British Royal Automobile Club and the Automobile Club de France as being the first. So why do so many history books say that the automobile was invented by either Gottlieb Daimler or Karl Benz? It is because both Daimler and Benz invented highly successful and practical gasoline-powered vehicles that ushered in the age of modern automobiles. Daimler and Benz invented cars that looked and worked like the cars we use today. However, it is unfair to say that either man invented "the" automobile.
AEROPLANE
ORVILLE & WILBUR WRIGHT
To mark the new year, on January 2, Finnair opened an express service point for families with children traveling on the company's international routes. "A large number of families with children and other passengers with special needs travel on our flights," said Markku Remes, who is responsible for Finnair's customer service concept. "We want to make the travel experience even easier for these important customers." The service will be available from early morning until evening in Departure Hall 2 of Terminal 2 at HelsinkiVantaa Airport. The express service point is identifiable by the Special Passengers sign over check-in desk number 225. The service point can also be used by children traveling alone, their chaperones and customers requiring special assistance such as wheelchairs.
COMPUTER
CHARLES BABBAGE
Designed to produce leaders in the management of information systems, this major combines a business administration core with hands-on computer training to produce graduates prepared to contribute to data processing, computer systems, and research communities. Hawai'i Pacific offers more than 40 computer science courses in languages, logic, and hardware theory taught by professors with outstanding academic credentials and years of real-world professional experience. HPU is a firm believer in providing opportunities for students to gain entry into their professions. Students therefore have opportunities to enroll in work-study and internship positions that may lead to career positions. There is also the opportunity for students to participate in career-related student organizations and honor societies. In addition to preparing students for professional employment, the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with a major in Computer Information Systems provides the foundation for students who wish to continue their education in Hawai'i Pacific's Master of Science in Information Systems (MSIS) degree program.
CALCULATOR
BLAISE PASCAL
The poker calculator and mini calculator are powered by the open source poker libraries available on pokersource (at gna.org), specifically the pokenum example program that is included with them. For complex non-holdem requests a 500,000 sample simulation will be used in lieu of
CT SCAN
GODFREY HOWNSFIELD
CT uses a computer and a rotating x-ray device to create detailed, cross-sectional images, or slices, of organs and body parts.
A CT machine resembles a large, square doughnut. A flat "patient couch" is situated in the circular opening, which is about 24 to 28 inches in diameter. The patient lies on the couch, which can be moved up, down, forward, and backward to position the patient for imaging.
The CT scanner itself is a circular, rotating frame with an x-ray tube mounted on one side and a banana-shaped detector mounted on the other. A fan-shaped beam of x-rays is created as the rotating frame spins the x-ray tube and detector around the patient. For each complete rotation, one cross-sectional slice of the body is acquired.
TELEPHONE
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
PLASTIC
ALEXANDER PARKES
plastic any organic material with the ability to flow into a desired shape when heat and pressure are applied to it and to retain the shape when they are withdrawn
ELECTRIC BULB
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
The modern world is an electrified world. The light bulb, in particular, profoundly changed human existence by illuminating the night and making it hospitable to a wide range of human activity. The electric light, one of the everyday conveniences that most affects our lives, was invented in 1879 by Thomas Alva Edison. He was neither the first nor the only person trying to invent an incandescent light bulb
Invention: electric light bulb in 1879
Definition: noun / electric light bulb / incandescent lamp
Function: An electric lamp in which a filament is heated to incandescence by an electric current. Today's incandescent light bulbs use filaments made of tungsten rather than carbon of the 1880's.
Patent: 223,898 (US) issued January 27, 1880
Inventor: Thomas Alva Edison
Criteria: First practical. Modern prototype. Entrepreneur.
Birth: February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio
Death: October 18, 1931 in West Orange, New Jersey
Nationality: American
ELECTRICITY
LUIGI GALVANI
"electricity." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 3 Apr. 2010
electricity class of phenomena arising from the existence of charge . The basic unit of charge is that on the proton or electron —the proton's charge is designated as positive while the electron's is negative. There are three basic systems of units used to measure electrical quantities, the most common being the one in which the ampere is the unit of current, the coulomb is the unit of charge, the volt is the unit of electromotive force, and the ohm is the unit of resistance, reactance, or impedance (see electric and magnetic units )
TRANSISTOR
JOHN BARDEEN, WILLIAM SHOCKLEY & WALTER BRATTAIN
American Transistors which are registered with the Electronic Industries Association are assigned a specific number. Each EIA number is comprised of five components.
Japanese Transistors which are registered with the Electronic Industries Association of Japan are assigned a specific number. Each EIAJ number is comprised of five components. An explanation of each component follows :
Transistors can be regarded as a type of switch, as can many electronic components. They are used in a variety of circuits and you will find that it is rare that a circuit built in a school Technology Department does not contain at least one transistor. They are central to electronics and there are two main types; NPN and PNP. Most circuits tend to use NPN. There are hundreds of transistors which work at different voltages but all of them fall into these two categories.
FIRST PETROL POWERED VEHICLE
KARL BENZ
Several Italians recorded designs for wind driven vehicles. The first was Guido da Vigevano in 1335. It was a windmill type drive to gears and thus to wheels. Vaturio designed a similar vehicle which was also never built. Later Leonardo da Vinci designed a clockwork driven tricycle with tiller steering and a differential mechanism between the rear wheels.
The very first self-powered road vehicles were powered by steam engines and by that definition Nicolas Joseph Cugnot of France built the first automobile in 1769 - recognized by the British Royal Automobile Club and the Automobile Club de France as being the first. So why do so many history books say that the automobile was invented by either Gottlieb Daimler or Karl Benz? It is because both Daimler and Benz invented highly successful and practical gasoline-powered vehicles that ushered in the age of modern automobiles. Daimler and Benz invented cars that looked and worked like the cars we use today. However, it is unfair to say that either man invented "the" automobile.
BATTERY
ALESSANDRO VOLTA
High Capacity - GP NiMH batteries have high energy density and deliver up to double the capacity of NiCd batteries of similar size.
• Superior high rate discharge characteristics - Up to 3C high rate discharge is possible
• Broad operating temperature range - (-20 C to 60 C)
• Quick charging capability - Rapid charge in about one hour.
• Long service life - Under different usage conditions, GP NiMH batteries can deliver 300-1000 charge/discharge cycles.
• Excellent overcharge endurance - GP NiMH batteries can be continuously charged at 0.1C rate for one year without leakage or deformation.
THERMOMETER
GABRIEL FAHRENHEIT
A thermometer can use any of several methods to register temperature. These include mercury; liquid-in-glass; electronic with digital display; infrared or tympanic; and disposable dot matrix. A thermometer can be used in a clinical or emergency setting or at home. Thermometers can record body temperatures in the mouth (oral), armpit (axillary), eardrum (tympanic membrane), or anus (rectal).
TELEVISION
JOHN LOGIE BAIRD
is an established business, broadcasting on digital satellite (BSkyB and freesat), digital terrestrial (Freeview) and via broadband on the internet. Essentially, we provide access to broadcast television for organisations who wish to reach specific target audiences, whether they are large or small. We incubate new television propositions for niche market segments, which would struggle to start up on a dedicated channel.
PENICILLIN
SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING
Penicillin V potassium, USP is the potassium salt of penicillin V, USP. This chemically improved form combines acid stability with immediate solubility and rapid absorption. It is designated 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 3,3 -dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(phenoxyacetyl)amino]-, monopotassium salt, [2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta)]-. The empirical formula is C16H17KN2O5S, and the molecular weight is 388.48.
RADIUM
PIERRE AND MARIE CURIE
Radium is silvery, lustrous, soft, intensely radioactive. It readily oxidizes on exposure to air, turning from almost pure white to black. Radium is luminescent, corrodes in water to form radium hydroxide. Although is the heaviest member of the alkaline-earth group it is the most volatile.
Applications
Radium is used in luminous paint (in the form of radium bromide). Radium and beryllium were once used as a portable source of neutrons. Radium is used in medicine to produce radon gas, used for cancer treatment. At the beginning of the 19th century radium was used as additive in products like toothpaste, hair creams and even food items.
Radium in the environment
It has been estimated that each square kilometer of the earth surface (to a depth of 40 cm) contains 1 gram of radium. Early in the twentieth century radium was extracted from uranium ores for use in luminous dials and medical treatment. The amount of radium in uranium ores varies between 150 and 350 mg/ton. The most in contained in the ores of Zaire and Canada.
Name: Radium
Symbol: Ra
Atomic Number: 88
Atomic Mass: (226.0) amu
Melting Point: 700.0 °C (973.15 K, 1292.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 1737.0 °C (2010.15 K, 3158.6 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 88
Number of Neutrons: 138
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 5.0 g/cm3
Color: silverfish
STEAM ENGINE
JAMES WATT
steam engine machine for converting heat energy into mechanical energy using steam as a medium, or working fluid. When water is converted into steam it expands, its volume increasing about 1,600 times. The force produced by the conversion is the basis of all steam engines. Steam engines operate by having superheated steam force a piston to reciprocate, or move back and forth, in a cylinder. The piston is attached by a connecting rod to a crankshaft that converts the back-and-forth motion of the piston to rotary motion for driving machinery. A flywheel attached to the crankshaft makes the rotary motion smooth and steady. The typical steam engine has an inlet valve at each end of the cylinder. Steam is admitted through one inlet valve, forcing the piston to move to the other end of the cylinder. This steam then exits through an exhaust valve. Steam from the other inlet valve then pushes
ELECTRIC IRON
HENRY W. SEELY
RADIO
GUGLIELMO MARCONT
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